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Abstract The Santos Basin (SB) is the main petroliferous basin in the Brazilian continental margin and one of the most studied marine areas in Brazil. However, historical data suggest that new efforts should be carried out to acquire quantitative biological data, especially in the deep sea, to establish the baseline of essential ocean variables in different ecosystems for future monitoring programs. The Brazilian energy company Petrobras planned and executed 24 oceanographic cruises over a period of 2 years to assess the benthic (SANSED cruise) and pelagic (SANAGU cruise) systems of the SB (356 days at sea in 2019 and 2021/2022). These efforts were part of the Santos Project, which comprised a comprehensive environmental study aimed at investigating benthic and pelagic variables to characterize ecology, biogeochemistry, thermohaline properties of water masses, and ocean circulation patterns, geomorphology, and sedimentology, as well as organic and inorganic chemistry. Here we present the detailed sampling designs and the field methods employed on board, during the SB scientific cruises. All sampling protocols were based on standardized approaches. For the benthos analyses, triplicate sediment samples were performed using a GOMEX-type box corer (0.25 m²) or a large modified Van Veen grab (0.75 m²) at 100 stations ranging from 25 to 2400 m depth. At each station, 25 geochemical and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed in addition to micro-, meio-, and macrofauna and living foraminifera samples. For the pelagic system, 60 stations were selected to investigate the plankton community, ranging in size from pico- to macroplankton, through vertical, horizontal, and oblique net hauls (20, 200, and 500 μm mesh size), as well as 25 biogeochemical parameters collected with an aid of a CTD-rosette sampler. Part of this scientific information also serves the Regional Environmental Characterization Project (PCR-BS) in support of Petrobras’ Santos Basin drilling licensing process led by the Brazilian Environmental Agency – IBAMA. This project contributes to the sustainable development of the SB, in line with the guidelines of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824071.22072dlm

Sedimentary organic matter accumulation provinces in the Santos Basin, SW Atlantic: insights from multiple bulk proxies
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Carreira, Renato S.

; Lazzari, Letícia

; Ceccopieri, Milena

; Rozo, Laura

; Martins, Dayanne

; Fonseca, Gustavo

; Vieira, Danilo C.

; Massone, Carlos G.

Ocean and Coastal Research

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2023, Volume 71 Supl. 3 elocation e23030

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract The organic matter (OM) of surface sediments (0–2 cm) from the Santos Basin was characterized by employing elemental (C, N, P), isotopic (δ 13C and δ 15N), biochemical (total carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids), and pigment (chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments) proxies, as part of the Santos Project – The Santos Basin Regional Environmental Characterization (PCR-BS) – coordinated by PETROBRAS. Samples were collected in a regional scale throughout the entire basin, including 11 isobaths from eight cross-margin transects ranging from 25 to 2,400 m water depths, and 12 additional samples obtained from the São Paulo Plateau. The aims of this study were two-fold, namely, to identify the major oceanographic and depositional processes driving OM transport and accumulation and to provide information on OM origin and availability to benthic secondary producers. The multiple employed proxies and the use of machine learning allowed to categorize distinct OM accumulation provinces displaying two major regional features: shallow sediments (< 50-m isobaths) are OM-poor (TOC < 2.0 mg g -1) but the available amount is readily hydrolysable, and mid-shelf deposits (75-m and 100-m isobaths) throughout the entire basin present muddy and OM-rich sediments (TOC ranging from 7.0 to 14.0 mg g-1) seemingly available to heterotrophs. Similarly, relatively OM-rich deposits are found at depths ranging from 700 to 1,300-m isobaths throughout the basin, but their composition and nutritional value (as suggested by biochemical indicators) are not related to mid-shelf deposits. The general overview of OM accumulation and composition provided herein validated the selected organic geochemical proxies for benthic ecology studies at the shelf and deep ocean sectors of the studied region.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824071.22061rsc

Predicting large-scale spatial patterns of marine meiofauna: implications for environmental monitoring
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Gallucci, Fabiane

; Fonseca, Gustavo

; Vieira, Danilo C

; Yaginuma, Luciana Erika

; Gheller, Paula Foltran

; Brito, Simone

; Corbisier, Thais Navajas

Ocean and Coastal Research

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2023, Volume 71 Supl. 3 elocation e23037

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract This study aims model the distribution of meiofauna indicators in relation to environmental variables from the Santos Basin continental margin, SE Brazil, using machine learning techniques, to provide baseline information and foster future monitoring programs. A total of 100 sampling stations were distributed in eight transects and 11 isobaths (25 to 2,400 m) perpendicular to the coast. In each station, three replicates were sampled for meiofauna and 38 environmental parameters. A total of 28 meiofauna taxa were found, with a mean richness varying from 3 to 15 taxa per station. Meiofauna mean density varied between 55 and 2,001 ind. 10 cm-2. Density of meiofauna and its most frequent taxa (Nematoda, Copepoda, Kinorhyncha, and Polychaeta), and taxa richness were used as descriptors for the models. Meiofauna and nematode density showed the highest training and testing accuracies, with R² values above 0.74. Based on the distribution of meiofauna descriptors and their responses to environmental conditions, we suggest a mosaic of six benthic zones. The La Plata Plume zone and the Cabo Frio Upwelling zone are two of the most diverse and productive zones in the continental shelf, wich are separated by the less productive Central Continental Shelf zone. A fourth zone, with very low meiofauna densities, corresponds to the carbonated sediments of the shelf-break. The Upper and Mid-Slope is a narrow zone along the entire basin, with intermediate densities and small amounts of high-quality organic carbon. The largest, impoverished zone, the Lower Slope and Plateau comprises the deepest areas and the São Paulo Plateau. The study showed that, although some zones can be recognized by most meiofauna descriptors, others are better characterized by specific ones, implying that meiofauna indicators should be monitored concomitantly. We recommend the optimization of sampling design based on our model to reduce costs and increase our understanding of the system.

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824071.22070fg

Catalytic properties of amylases produced by Cunninghamella echinulata and Rhizopus microsporus
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CAVALHEIRO, GABRIELA F.

; COSTA, ANA CAROLINA DA

; GARBIN, ANDREZA DE PAULA

; SILVA, GEISA A. DA

; GARCIA, NAYARA FERNANDA L.

; PAZ, MARCELO F. DA

; FONSECA, GUSTAVO G.

; LEITE, RODRIGO S.R.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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2023, Volume 95 Nº 3 elocation e20230187

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract The present work aimed to characterize and compare the catalytic properties of amylases from Cunninghamella echinulata and Rhizopus microsporus. The highest production of amylase by C. echinulata, 234.94 U g-1 of dry substrate (or 23.49 U mL-1), was obtained using wheat bran as a substrate, with 50–55% initial moisture and kept at 28 °C for 48 h. The highest production of amylases by R. microsporus, 224.85 U g-1 of dry substrate (or 22.48 U mL-1), was obtained cultivating wheat bran with 65% initial moisture at 45 °C for 24 h. The optimal activity of the amylases was observed at pH 5.0 at 60 °C for C. echinulata enzymes and at pH 4.5 at 65 °C for R. microsporus. The amylases produced by C. echinulata were stable at pH 4.0–8.0, while the R. microsporus enzymes were stable at pH 4.0–10.0. The amylases produced by C. echinulata remained stable for 1 h at 50 °C and the R. microsporus amylases maintained catalytic activity for 1 h at 55 °C. The enzymatic extracts of both fungi hydrolyzed starches from different plant sources and showed potential for liquefaction of starch, however the amylolytic complex of C. echinulata exhibited greater saccharifying potential.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202320230187

Overcoming the challenges of data integration in ecosystem studies with machine learning workflows: an example from the Santos project workflows
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Fonseca, Gustavo

; Vieira, Danilo Candido

Ocean and Coastal Research

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2023, Volume 71 Supl. 3 elocation e23021

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Integrating intricate environmental data within a unified analytical framework for extensive conservation and monitoring initiatives encounters several challenges. These challenges encompass defining a conceptual model outlining cause-and-effect relationships, addressing dissimilarities in data source quantity and information content, grappling with missing or noisy data, fine-tuning model optimization, achieving accurate predictions, and tackling the issue of imbalanced observations across factors. In the context of the Santos project, dedicated to comprehending the spatio-temporal dynamics of benthic, pelagic, and physical systems for the facilitation of conservation and monitoring programs, the application of machine learning’s random forest (RF) technique for modeling univariate data offers notable advantages. This approach adeptly handles non-linearity, covariation, and interactive effects among predictors. For modeling multivariate data sets, a hybrid strategy combining a self-organizing map (SOM) and RF is harnessed to effectively tackle the challenges. Addressing missing values, the bagging imputation technique demonstrated superior performance compared to other methods. Both machine learning techniques discussed herein exhibit resilience against the impact of noisy data, yet the identification of noisy data remains feasible based on model outputs. In scenarios of imbalanced data sets, we investigate the correlation between the RF model’s overall statistics and those of individual classes. The joint interpretation of these statistics aids in comprehending model limitations and facilitates discussions on the environmental mechanisms shaping observed patterns. We propose two analytical workflows that not only enable the exploration and enhancement of model accuracy but also facilitate the investigation of potential cause-and-effect relationships inherent in the data. Furthermore, these workflows lay the foundation for implementing long-term learning algorithms, a pivotal increment for monitoring initiatives. Notably, these workflows, alongside the discussed analytical challenges, can be seamlessly implemented within iMESc, an open-source application. causeandeffect cause effect content finetuning fine tuning optimization predictions factors project spatiotemporal spatio temporal benthic pelagic programs learnings s (RF advantages nonlinearity, nonlinearity non linearity, linearity non-linearity covariation predictors sets selforganizing self organizing SOM (SOM values methods outputs models classes patterns Furthermore longterm long term algorithms Notably iMESc opensource open

https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824071.22044gf

Investigation of Residual Stresses within a Friction Welded Steel Pipeline by the Contour and X-ray Diffraction Methods
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Diehl, Igor Luis

; Fonseca, Gustavo Cordenonsi da

; Clarke, Thomas Gabriel Rosauro

Materials Research

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2022, Volume 25 elocation e20210583

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Residual stresses (RS) in pipes welded by a fully automated friction welding process, called FRIEX, are investigated using the contour method (CM) and the X-ray diffraction method (XRD). Samples were produced using a self-developed equipment, which is based on the interaction between a consumable intermediate rotary ring and two stationary pipe sections, by varying the loading rate applied during the welding of API 5L B pipes with an API X65 ring. Mechanical and metallurgical properties were locally analyzed through metallography and microflat tensile tests. RS measured by XRD and CM showed comparable values; tensile zones were found in the pipe HAZ and compressive stresses were found in its adjacent areas. Tensile RS of approximately half the local yield strength of the components were also found, mostly on the internal surface, and their values decrease with increasing welding loads. Microflat tensile tests showed an increase in yield strength of pipe TMAZ and HAZ, with a clear influence of loading rates.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2021-0583

β-glucosidase from thermophilic fungus Thermoascus crustaceus: production and industrial potential
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GARBIN, ANDREZA P.

; GARCIA, NAYARA F.L.

; CAVALHEIRO, GABRIELA F.

; SILVESTRE, MARIA ALICE

; RODRIGUES, ANDRÉ

; PAZ, MARCELO F. DA

; FONSECA, GUSTAVO G.

; LEITE, RODRIGO S.R.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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2021, Volume 93 Nº 1 elocation e20191349

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract Microbial β-glucosidases can be used in several industrial processes, including production of biofuels, functional foods, juices, and beverages. In the present work, production of β-glucosidase by solid state cultivation of the fungus Thermoascus crustaceus in a low-cost cultivation medium (comprising agroindustrial residues) was evaluated. The highest production of β-glucosidase, about 415.1 U/g substrate (or 41.51 U/mL), was obtained by cultivating the fungus in wheat bran with 70% humidity, during 96 h at 40°C. The enzymatic activity was optimum at pH 4.5 and 65°C. β-Glucosidase maintained its catalytic activity when incubated at a pH range of 4.0-8.0 and temperature of 30-55°C. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by glucose; even when the substrate and glucose concentrations were equal, the inhibition was not reversed, suggesting a non-competitive inhibition. In the presence of up to 10% ethanol, β-glucosidase maintained its catalytic activity. In addition to β-glucosidase, the enzymatic extract showed activity of 36 U/g for endoglucanase, 256.2 U/g for xylanase, and 18.2 U/g for β-xylosidase. The results allow to conclude that the fungus T. crustaceus has considerable potential for production of β-glucosidase and xylanase when cultivated in agroindustrial residues, thereby reducing the cost of these biocatalysts.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202120191349 566 downloads

Growth of Burkholderia sacchari LFM 101 cultivated in glucose, sucrose and glycerol at different temperatures
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Nascimento, Valkirea Matos

; Silva, Luiziana Ferreira

; Gomez, José Gregório Cabrera

; Fonseca, Gustavo Graciano

Scientia Agricola

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Out 2016, Volume 73 Nº 5 Páginas 429 - 433

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have attracted major industrial interest as alternatives to conventional plastics. They are produced by several bacteria as cytoplasmic inclusions when nutrients are in limited supply. Among the many factors influencing bacterial growth, the effect of temperature on both specific growth rates and growth yields in terms of carbon source intake is of considerable interest. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the bacterium Burkholderia sacchari LFM 101 on growth and PHA production, using glucose, sucrose or glycerol as a carbon source, at 30 and 35 °C. The results showed that B. sacchari cultured with glucose at 35 °C presented both higher productivity and polymer yield in dried cell mass. There were no differences in growth rates (μmax) in sucrose and glucose. The growth conditions studied were not favorable to glycerol consumption due to limitations in the energy supply from glycerol.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0196 2060 downloads

Alkali process for chitin extraction and chitosan production from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) scales
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Boarin-Alcalde, Ligia

; Graciano-Fonseca, Gustavo

Latin american journal of aquatic research

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Set 2016, Volume 44 Nº 4 Páginas 683 - 688

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Chitosan is a biopolymer of wide application due to its characteristics and non-toxicity, presenting antimicrobial, antitumoral and cicatrizing activities. It is currently used as emulsifier, metal’s chelating, edible biofilm and fat reducer. The variation in the deacetylation degree of this polymer gives differentiated functional properties. It is mainly obtained from crustaceans, but fish scales are also a potential source of this product, despite neglected so far. The aim of this study was to develop a method for chitin extraction and deacetylation for chitosan obtaining from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) scales. Characterization showed that chitosan was completely purified. The chitin infrared spectrum presented a characteristic larger band in the region of 3,500 cm-1, due to axial stretching vibrations of the OH group been completely purified, which disappeared in the chitin spectrum. However, a new band aroused at 1,640 cm-1 due to the NH2 deformation, which predominated over the band at 1,655 cm-1, associated to the carbonyl (C=O) that tends to decrease, as the degree of deacetylation of chitosan increases. All bands observed were similar to those described in the literature. Although the yields were lower than the averages usually reported for crustaceans, they can be improved to obtain higher yields and deacetylation.

El quitosano es un biopolímero de amplia aplicación debido a sus características y no toxicidad, presentando actividad antimicrobiana, antitumoral y cicatrizante. Actualmente se utiliza como emulsionante, quelante de metales, biopelícula comestible y reductor de grasas. La variación en el grado de desacetilación de este polímero ofrece diferentes propiedades funcionales. Se obtiene principalmente de crustáceos, pero las escamas de pescado también son una fuente potencial de este producto, proceso descuidado hasta ahora. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un método para la extracción de quitina y desacetilación de quitosano a partir de escamas de tilapia del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Esta caracterización mostró que el quitosano fue completamente purificado. El espectro infrarrojo de la quitina presentó una ancha banda característica en la región de 3,500 cm-1, debido a vibraciones del estiramiento axial del grupo OH que ha sido completamente purificado, que desapareció en el espectro de la quitina. Sin embargo, se observó una nueva banda a 1,640 cm-1 causada por la deformación de NH2 que predominó sobre la banda de 1,655 cm-1, asociada al carbonilo (C=O) que tiende a disminuir y al aumento del grado de desacetilación del quitosano. Todas las bandas observadas fueron similares a las descritas en la literatura. Aunque los rendimientos fueron menores que los promedios reportados generalmente para crustáceos, ellos se pueden mejorar para obtener mayores rendimientos y desacetilación.

https://doi.org/10.3856/vol44-issue4-fulltext-3 1620 downloads

10.

Production of β-glucosidase on solid-state fermentation by Lichtheimia ramosa in agroindustrial residues: Characterization and catalytic properties of the enzymatic extract
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Garcia, Nayara Fernanda Lisboa

; Santos, Flávia Regina da Silva

; Gonçalves, Fabiano Avelino

; Paz, Marcelo Fossa da

; Fonseca, Gustavo Graciano

; Leite, Rodrigo Simões Ribeiro

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology

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Jul 2015, Volume 18 Nº 4 Páginas 314 - 319

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Background β-Glucosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of cellobiose and cellodextrins, releasing glucose as the main product. This enzyme is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. The aim of this work is to improve the β-glucosidase production by the fungus Lichtheimia ramosa by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using various agroindustrial residues and to evaluate the catalytic properties of this enzyme. Results A high production of β-glucosidase, about 274 U/g of dry substrate (or 27.4 U/mL), was obtained by cultivating the fungus on wheat bran with 65% of initial substrate moisture, at 96 h of incubation at 35°C. The enzymatic extract also exhibited carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase, and β-xylosidase activities. The optimal activity of β-glucosidase was observed at pH 5.5 and 65°C and was stable over a pH range of 3.5-10.5. The enzyme maintained its activity (about 98% residual activity) after 1 h at 55°C. The enzyme was subject to reversible competitive inhibition with glucose and showed high catalytic activity in solutions containing up to 10% of ethanol. Conclusions β-Glucosidase characteristics associated with its ability to hydrolyze cellobiose, underscore the utility of this enzyme in diverse industrial processes.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.05.007 1082 downloads

11.

Repercussões clínicas e radiológicas do neurofibroma plexiforme na região pélvica
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Slaibi, Érica Bertolace

; Daher, João Gabriel Lima

; Fonseca, Gustavo Guida Godinho da

; Daher, Carlos Magno

; Geller, Mauro

; Ribeiro, Márcia Gonçalves

Radiologia Brasileira

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Out 2014, Volume 47 Nº 5 Páginas 326 - 328

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Descrição de caso de neurofibroma plexiforme localizado na região pélvica comprometendo bexiga, próstata e coluna lombossacra, com evolução de três anos e seis meses. Diante de contraindicação de remoção cirúrgica, foi realizado acompanhamento clínico e radiológico semestral, sem constatação de crescimento tumoral. Na neurofibromatose tipo 1, as manifestações clínicas são diversas e a equipe médica deve estar atenta à investigação complementar e pode ser surpreendida por um achado raro. As massas pélvicas volumosas podem, eventualmente, corresponder a neurofibromas plexiformes, sendo útil a investigação de neurofibromatose caso o paciente ainda não tenha esse diagnóstico.

The authors report the case of a plexiform neurofibroma located in the pelvis, affecting the bladder, prostate and spine (lumbar/sacral), followed-up for three years and six months. Surgical removal was contraindicated and the patient underwent biannual clinical and radiological follow-up that did not demonstrate any tumor increase. The clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 are variable, and the medical team should be attentive to further investigations, considering possible unexpected rare findings. Large pelvic masses may correspond to plexiform neurofibromas, so the diagnostic hypothesis of neurofibromatosis should be taken into consideration.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2012.1648 3683 downloads

12.

Production of enzymes from Lichtheimia ramosa using Brazilian savannah fruit wastes as substrate on solid state bioprocessess
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Silva, Cinthia Aparecida de Andrade

; Lacerda, Maria Priscila Franco

; Leite, Rodrigo Simões Ribeiro

; Fonseca, Gustavo Graciano

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology

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Set 2013, Volume 16 Nº 5 Páginas 9 - 9

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Background: Enzyme production by solid state bioprocess (SSB) using residues as substrate for microorganisms is an alternative for costs reduction and to avoid their disposal into environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiology of the fungus Lichtheimia ramosa in terms of microbial growth and production of amylases, β-glucosidases, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), and xylanases, via SSB, utilizing wastes of the Brazilian savannah fruits bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata), guavira (Campomanesia pubescens) and pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) as substrate at different temperatures (25, 30, and 35ºC) during 168 hrs. Results: Samples were taken every 24 hrs, which resulted in 8-points kinetic experiments to determine microbiological and enzymatic contents. The best substrate for β-glucosidase activity was pequi waste after 48 hrs at 30ºC (0.061 U/mL). For amylase activity, bocaiuva presented itself as the best substrate after 96 hrs at 30ºC (0.925 U/mL). CMCase activity was higher in guavira waste after 96 hrs at 35ºC (0.787 U/mL). However, the activity was more expressive for xylanase in substrate composed of bocaiuva residue after 144 hrs at 35ºC (1.802 U/mL). Conclusions: It was concluded that best growth condition for L. ramosa is at 35ºC for all substrates and that xylanase is the enzyme with more potential in SSB, considering the studied Brazilian savannah fruit wastes.

https://doi.org/10.2225/vol16-issue5-fulltext-7 2460 downloads

13.

Physical and chemical properties of wami tilapia skin gelatin
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Alfaro, Alexandre Da Trindade

; Fonseca, Gustavo Graciano

; Balbinot, Evellin

; Machado, Alessandra

; Prentice, Carlos

Food Science and Technology

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Set 2013, Volume 33 Nº 3 Páginas 592 - 595

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Gelatin was extracted from the skin of tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis hornorum) and characterized according to its physical and chemical properties. It had pH 4.66, which is slightly higher than the values reported for gelatins processed by acid solubilization. In general, the ionic content was low, and the average yield of the process was 5.10 g/100 g. The proximal composition of the gelatin was similar to that of the commercial gelatins, with slightly higher moisture content. The tilapia skin gelatin had whitish-yellow color and average turbidity of 67 NTU.

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14.

Estimación de esfuerzos efectivos a partir del parámetro χ de Bishop en una arena limosa
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Leal-Vaca, Julio César

; Gallegos-Fonseca, Gustavo

; Rojas-González, Eduardo

Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología

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Jun 2013, Volume 14 Nº 2 Páginas 139 - 151

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

The behaviour of resistance and volumetric changes of a saturated soil are controlled by effective stress, however in the case of unsaturated soils it has not been possible to clarify this argument. There is not an equation for the effective stress of unsaturated soil that is applicable to all soil types. Bishop (1959) proposed an equation for effective stress to unsaturated soils, this equation contains the parameter c, to determine this parameter there are several equations but none covers all the cases. Moreover, the soil mechanics has considered that the shear strength of fine soils increases with suction, but this is not the case for all soil types. There are some soils whose resistance reaches a maximum for certain suction and then decreases for higher values of suction. However, such cases have not yet been fully documented and analyzed. This article presents a series of triaxial tests with controlled suction made in a silty sand. The tests were made on wetting and drying trajectories. The suction was controlled by circulation of air with constant relative humidity. The water retention curve was obtained for both trajectories of wetting and drying with filter paper technique and other tests were made with the cylinder membrane extractor for drying trajectory. The results of triaxial tests are shown in p'-q diagram, and can be observed that the resistance of soil increases to a maximum for certain suction and then decreases for higher values of suction, it also includes the χ values obtained from some existing equations for this parameter and experimental results.

El comportamiento de resistencia y cambios volumétricos de un suelo saturado están controlados por los esfuerzos efectivos, sin embargo, para el caso de los suelos no saturados no ha sido posible esclarecer este argumento. No existe una ecuación de esfuerzos efectivos para los suelos no saturados que sea aplicable a todos los tipos de suelos. Bishop (1959) propuso una ecuación para esfuerzos efectivos para suelos no saturados, esta ecuación contiene el parámetro c; para determinar este parámetro existen varias ecuaciones pero ninguna comprende todos los casos. Por otra parte, en la mecánica de suelos se ha considerado que la resistencia cortante de los suelos finos se incrementa con la succión; sin embargo, esto no es el caso para todos los tipos de suelos. Existen algunos suelos cuya resistencia alcanza un máximo para cierta succión y luego se reduce para valores mayores de succión, no obstante, tales casos aún no han sido completamente documentados y analizados. Este artículo presenta una serie de pruebas triaxiales con succión controlada en laboratorio hechas en una arena limosa. Las pruebas se hicieron para las trayectorias de humedecimiento y secado. La succión se controló mediante circulación de aire con humedad relativa constante. La curva de retención de agua fue también obtenida para ambas trayectorias de humedecimiento y secado con la técnica del papel filtro, y para la trayectoria de secado se hicieron pruebas con el cilindro extractor de membrana. Los resultados de las pruebas triaxiales se muestran en diagramas p'-q y se ha podido observar que la resistencia del suelo crece a un máximo para cierta succión y luego decrece para valores mayores de succión, también se han incluido los valores de χ obtenidos de algunas ecuaciones existentes para este parámetro y resultados experimentales.

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Diretriz em Cardiologia do Esporte e do Exercício da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
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Nóbrega, Antonio Cláudio Lucas da

; Herdy, Artur Haddad

; Sellera, Carlos Alberto Cyrillo

; Baptista, Claudio Aparício Silva

; Araújo, Claudio Gil Soares de

; Moreira, Dalmo Antonio Ribeiro

; Kopiler, Daniel Arkader

; Santos, Daniel Fernando Pellegrino dos

; Cruz Filho, Fernando Eugênio dos Santos

; Dioguardi, Giuseppe Sebastiano

; Fonseca, Gustavo Paz Esteves Ferreira

; Pinto, Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco

; Assef, Jorge Eduardo

; Lazzoli, José Kawazoe

; Matos, Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de

; Emed, Luiz Gustavo Marin

; Mastrocola, Luiz Eduardo

; Leitão, Marcelo Bichels

; Silva, Odwaldo Barbosa e

; Francisco, Ricardo Contesini

; Stein, Ricardo

; Serra, Salvador Manoel

; Borges, Serafim Ferreira

; Timerman, Sérgio

; Vertematti, Silvana

; Carvalho, Tales de

; Garcia, Thiago Ghorayeb

; Gimenes, Vera Márcia Lopes

; Chalela, William Azem

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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Jan 2013, Volume 100 Nº 1 Páginas 1 - 41

Resumo: Pt | Texto: Pt | PDF: Pt

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.2013S002 55389 downloads

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